A recent study found that vitamin D which the body gets when exposed to sunlight in the morning can help people with type 2 diabetes to improve their blood sugar levels.

Adequate vitamin D could actually help the cells in the body in charge of producing insulin to work well.

Researchers from Iran involved 90 people with type 2 diabetes for 12 weeks by giving vitamin D and one group was given vitamin D plus calcium.

Researchers found that participants who took vitamin D with or without calcium had blood sugar levels that are significantly better.

The same thing also expressed by Esther Krug, MD, a endocrinologist from Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, who said that vitamin D has an active role in regulating pancreatic beta cells which functions to make insulin, according to Menshealth.

In fact, another study published in the Diabetes Care showed low levels of vitamin D that can make adults at risk of prediabetes and prehypertension.

Besides that, taking supplements containing vitamin D and calcium can slow the progression of type 2 diabetes. Because of this relationship, the screening of vitamin D deficiency in people with type 2 diabetes could be done.

According to the Daily Mail, this conclusion is obtained from a research conducted in Australia. Researchers in Melbourne tested the blood of 5,200 people and determined that each additional 25 nanomoles of vitamin D in the blood can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 24 percent. Lack of exercise and poor diet are also factors causing this sugar disease.

“It’s hard to underestimate how important this is,” said Dr. Ken Sikaris, lead author of the study.

People getting vitamin D intake of less than 50 nanomoles per liter can be said to lack vitamin D in their bodies. If connected between vitamin D and diabetes, those at risk can take vitamin D supplements reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. Lack of sunlight and vitamin D deficiency is also estimated to cause 600,000 cases of cancer each year.

“It is not possible to recommend vitamin D supplements to reduce risk based on the results of this study. But do see it as a quick fix,” said dr. Victoria King, of Diabetes UK.

Diabetes UK funded the research team at Glasgow University to find out whether a person with type 2 diabetes can take advantage of vitamin D supplements.

“Maintaining a healthy weight by maintaining a healthy diet and doing regular physical activity is the best way to reduce the risk of diabetes,” said King.

To compare the role of glibenclamide and pioglitazone drugs in type 11 non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Introduction:-

Diabetes comes from the greek word for ‘SIPHON” which one is the first term and implies for a lot of urine is made .The trm “mellitus” comes from a laton word, “met” which means “honey” and was used because the urine was sweet (Wheeler,2004)

Diabetic ketaocidosis is one of life threatening condition requiring some data hospitalization and treatment. Recognition of this condition is of almost importance, because even small delays can have an impact on survival (Nattrass, 2006). Hypoglycaemia are involved in insulin induced episodes in individuals with diabetes. Probably the major factor prescribing, insulin treated patient from achieving the glucose targets needed to prevent diabetic complications. The incidence of hypoglycaemia reflects the inadequancy of current mathods of insulin delievery which lead ot inappropriately high insulin concentration, particularly some persons after eating more foods at night onset of blindness and also a major risk factor heart disease and stroke

(Heller, 2003).

TYPES OF DIABETE MELLITUS

Type II diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder associated with, b -cells dysfunction and with varying degree of insulin resistance primary pathogenic factors leading insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes and decreased insulin, secretion which arise from abnormalities with in liver, skeletal muscle and pancreatic b -cells (charles & clark, 1996).

GESTATIONAL DIABETUS MELLITUS

SECONDARY DIABETUS MELLITUS:

Secondary diabetes is due to disease of the pancreatic and endocrime system, genetic disorders, or exposure to chemical agents.

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insluin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that produces inslulin

Type – I diabetes formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes(IDDM),is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produces insulin.Type-1 diabetes occures most often in children and young adults but it can occures at any age.(Anderson et al 2007).

Type-11 diabetes is not straight uprward. A pancreas that does not produce enough insulin. Liver that release too much glucose,muscle cells that do not readily take in glucose.(Carren 2008)

Many genetic factors are involved in the development of diabetes.Because of new genetic methodology researchers are closers to identifying all of the cadidate gene for both non –insulin dependent and insulin dependent diabetes(Bernhard,1995).

Woman who had gestation diabetes are more likely to develop Type-11diabetes themselves.Pergnant women with diabetes are another disadvantaged group.They need much more intensive antenatal care and close monitoring of blood sugar,blood pressure and weight.(jawed2006)

Over weight children the progression of child obesity into adulthood is associated with early develop of complications, including IgpG2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Type diabetes is the most common clinical form of diabetes accountingforabout 90% of all cases,it is currently undergoing world wide epidemic. Type 11diabetes mellitus is caused by body’s infective use of insulin, it is often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity(WHO 2007).

PREVALACES& IINCIDENCE

:

Diabetes mellitus increases with aging, in 200 the prevalance of diabetes,it was estimated to be 0.19% people<20 years old and 8.6% in people>20 years old.There is considered geographic variation in the incidence of both type-1 and type-11 diabetes mellitus.Scavandinvian has the highest incidence of type-1 diabetes mellitus e.g in Finland, the incidence is 35/100,000 per year the pacific rim has a much lower rate in japan and china the incidence is 1 to 3/100,00 per year of type-1 diabetes mellitus, Northern Europe and the United States share an intermediate rate (8to17/100,000 per year).The prevalence of type 11 diabeties mellitus is highest in certain pacific island, intermediate in countries such as India and the United States, and relatively low in Russia and China.This variability is likely due to genetic, beharioral and enviromental factors(Power 2005).Diabettes mellitus prevalance also arises among different ethic population within a given countries it is common inall ethnic groups its prevalance increased with age and more than 5% of individuals of more than 65 years of age have diabetes mellitus (David Owerback 1988).The World wide prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically over past two decades.The prevalence of type11 diabettes mellitus is expected, type 11 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent among Hispanies Native Americas,African,American,and Asians, pacific Islanders than in non- Hispanic whites,the incidence is essentially equal in woman and men in all populations. Type 11 diabetes is becoming increasingly common because people are living longer,and the prevalence of diabetes increases with age it is also seen more frequently now than before in young people, in association with the rising prevalenceof childhood obesity although type11 diabetes still countries with the estimated nubers of cases of diabetes in 2000and 2030.

Rank Country

2000 Individuals country with diabetes (milloins)

Country

2030 Individuals with diabtes (Million)

India

31.7

India

79.47

China

20.8

China

42.3

USA

17.7

USA

30.3

Indonesia

8.4

Indonesia

21.3

Japan

6.8

Pakistan

13.9

Pakistan

5.2

Brazil

11.3

Russian federation

4.6

Bangladesh

11.1

Brazil

4.6

Japan

8.9

Italy

4.3

Philippines

7.8

Bangladesh

3.2

Egypt

6.7

(Wareham& FOROUHI 2OO6)

DRUG TREATMENT OF DIABETIES MELLITUS

:

Biguanides lower blood glucose, they increase glucose uptake and utilize in skeletal muscle there by reducing insulin resistance, and reduce hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis).Lower blood glucose, addionally reduces low denisity and very low denisity lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL) respectively. Metformin has a half life of about 3 hours and is excreted unchanged in the urine.Clinically metformin used in type 2 diabetic who are obese and who fail treatment with diet alone.Adverse effects are produced dose related gastrointestinal disturbances e.g anorexia,diarrhoea,nausea,lactic acidosis rare but potentially fatal toxic effect.(Dale,2003).

Improving insulin sensitivity by activating certain genes involved in fat synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism Rosigilitazone and Piogiltazone are currently approved.Thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones do not cause hypoglycemia when used alone,although they are usually taken in combination with sulfonylurease.

In some incouraging studies, thaiazolidiniones have produced very favorable effects on the heart, including reducing blood pressure and improving triglycerides and cholestrol levels including increasing HDL level,the good cholestrol. They may also block a molecule called 11 Best HSK that may play a significant role in metabolic syndrome,as well as diabetes type11. One study also sugessted that Rosiglitazone may even improve beta cells functions and so help prevent progression of diabetes.Anemia, weight gain, increased risk of fluid buildup, may worson heart failure.Troglitazone,was withdrawn after a few reports of heart failure.Liver failure abd death.Current Thiazoldinediones don not appear to pose the same effects on the liver although there have been a few reports of liver injury.

In patients with dietry failur the choice of a sulfonylurea agent or insulin therapy has been controversial and empric in favour of insulin therapy are the studies, who reported marked improvement post receptor diagnostic after intensive short term therapy in untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus (Scarlett et al,1984) Sulfonylureas further classified into two groups or generations based on their potency,duration,drug interaction,side effects profiles. Sulfonylureas enhance insulin action in cells in culture and stimulate the synthesis of glucose transporters (Jacobes et al 1998).A sulfonylurea drug should normally be the insulin secretagogue of choice, NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) also recommends that a generic ,drug should be perscribed (Scsade et al1998).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This study was conducted in the deprtment of Pharmacololgy and Therapeutics,Basic Medical Science Institute,Jinnah,Postgraduate Medical Centre,karachi under kind supervision od DRr:GhulamRsool Mashori,Associate Professoer and Head OF Department Of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in colloboration with Medical Outpatient Department Unit111 and Filter Clinic, Medical Department, JPMC,Karachi.

Seventy NIDDM (type-II)diabetic patients were initially enrolled in the study from the filter clinic/ out patient department Medical Unit III ,and diabetic clinic.Out of this 60 diabetic patients were associated in whole period of study, remaining 10 patients were dropped due to poor comlpiance or change in residential place.All the patients were divided in two main groups,groupI and in group II these patients were selected in this study according of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

:

• Newly diagnose patients of non Insulin Dependent Diabtes Mellitus.
• Diagnsed patients of diabetes also including having no any history medication.
• Having either sex of age between 30 to 60 years.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Insulin Depedent Diabetes Mellitus who were treated with Pioglitazone.
• Diagnosed patients who were Non Imsulin Depedent Mellitus, who were treated with drug Glibenclamide.

EXCLUSION CRIRERIA

:

• Patients suffering from blood pressure.
• Patients suffering from liver disease.
• Patients suffering from cardiac disease.
• Pregnancies and lactating women.
• Patient suffering from renal disorders.
• Patients having serious complications.

MATERIAL:

1. Lacets.
2. Lancet Hlder(Abbots easy touch TM2 lot 03 Asee).
3. Glucometer(Medisense) optilim one touch(Abbotts).
4. Blood glucose nest trpis (IVD for Invitro diagnostic use (Abbott Labortries,Medisense UK Ltd,Abigngdon,Ox14ITR,Masde in UK). Stored between minimum 30?, (4°-30° C) and Maximum 40°C (39°-86°F).
5. Weight Machine Model No 1101 Lot No.312. TANTIATA.

DRUGS

Tab:Daonil 5 mg (Aventis Pharma)

Drug category:Sulphonylurea.

Generic Name: Glibenclamide.

MFGLIC:No.000007 RegistrationNO.000220

MFG Date:0-06

EXP Date:7-10

Lot NO:B230

Tab:piozer (Hilton Pharm) PvtLTd.

Tab:Poizer 15mg

Drug category:Thaiazolinedione.

Generic Name:Pioglitazone Hydrochloride.

MFG LIC: O.000136 Registration No.03270

MFG Date:3-06

EXP Date:3-o9

Lot No:6287

Tab: Poizer (Hilton Pharma)pvt ltd.

PARAMETERS:

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS).

Random Blood Sugar (RBS).

Weight.

Key words:Diabetes mellitus,Non-insulin diabetes mellitus,Insulin depedent diabetes mellitus, Daonil,poizer,Insulin.

RESULTS:

Table 1

Weight and Blood Sugar level observed on baseline day 0

In group1 and group11

Group 1

Group 11

Pioglitazone n=27

Glibenclamide n=33

Weight

63.37

+ 2.25

¯

62.7

+ 15.56

¯

Fasting Blood Sugar

172.7

+ 13.32

¯

188.42

+ 12.o5

¯

Random Blood Sugar

285.11

+ 15 .532

¯

284.18

+ 17.07

¯

All Values are expressed in Means± SEM.

FIGURE-1 weight and blood sugar levels observed on baseline (day-o)

In table No shpwing the weight (KG’S) and blood sugar (msg/dl0 levels which is observed on baseline (day-0) in both groups 9group: 1 & group11)

Group: 1 Weight in (Kg’s) mean + SEM) IS 63.37±2.25 Fasting blood sugar 172.7±13.32,and Random

blood sugar 285.11±15.32

Group:11

Weight (KG’s0 (mean +SEM)62.7±1.56 Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl0 188.42±12.05, Random blood sugar is 284.18±17.03.

Figure 2: showing the weight and blood sugar levels observed in base line (day-0) in group: 1 and group 11 weight in 9kg’s) its mean values are 63.37,62.7, Fasting blood sugar in (mg/dl) is 172.71, 188.42 Random blood sugar (mg/dl) is 285.11 &284.18.

TABLE: 2

Peroidic Observation In All Parameters Group1

Goup1(Pioglitazon) n=27

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0to45

Day-45-90

Weight

63.37

±2.25

63.63

±2.26

63.63

±2.23

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

Fasting blood sugar

172.7

±13.32

165.04

±8.98

153.37

±7.59

>0.05

(NS)

0.05

(NS)

Randomblood sugar

285.11

±15.32

279.78

±13.63

255.56

±12.65

>0.05

(NS)

>0.05

(NS)

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM .(NS) Non significant.

Showing the periodic observations in all parameters in group 1 (piogiltazone) (n+27) weight P.value (day 0 to day 45)>0.05 (NS). Fasting blood sugar >0.05 (NS) Random blood sugar >0.05 (NS) P.values day 90 weight >0.05 (N.S), FBS>0.05 (N.S) 7RBS >0.05(N.S) NON SIGNIFICANT

FIGURE:2 Showing the periodic observation in all parameters in group 1 on day0 day 45& day-90.Mean values in weight (Kg) is 63.37,63.26,63.63, fbs (mg/dl) 172.7,165.04,153.37,RBS(mg/dl) 285.11,279.78,255.56.

TABLE NO3

Peroidic Observation in All Parameters Group11

Group 11 (Glibenclamide)

N=33

P-value

Day-0

Day-45

Day-90

Day-0 to 45

Day-45 to 90

Weight

62.7

±1.56

65.64

±2.10

64.55

±1.92

>0.05(NS)

0.05(NS0

Fasting blood sugar

188.42

±12.05

168.45

±10.99

140.06

±5.68

>0.05(NS)

>0.05(S)

Random blood sugar

284.18

±17.03

220.12

±13.39

170.94

±5.80

<0.005 (MS)

0.002(MS0

(s) significant, (MS) moderate significant

All values are expressed in Mean±SEM.

Table No3:

Showing the periodic observation in all parameter in goup:11, Group:11 containing drug (Glibenclamide),no of patients (n=33).It’s P-value on day 0 to day 45 on weight >0.05(NS),FBS>0.05(N.S) RBS<0.005 (MS) <0.01- AND DAY 45 TO DAY 90 WEIGHT >0.05 (NS) FBS (0.05) RBS <0.002(M.S0 moderately significant.

Figure 3:Shwing the periodic observations in all parameters in Group 11 weight 62.7,65.64,64.55,FBS (MG/DL) 188.42,168.45 140.06,RBS(mg/dl) 284.18 220.12, 170.94 (on day-0-day 45 to 90).

DISCUSSION:

In Denmark Beck-Nielsenet al,skillman TG (1981) published studies demonstation that glyburide increased he number of receptors on the monocytes of patients with type 11 diabetes mellitus. Some patients were treated with diet and in cobination of second generation sulfonyureas agents Wie. The numbers of insulin receptors all patients were measured before and after the treatment.Intrvenous glucose test shows the persistent impairent of insulin secretion afterthe starting of drug therapy.However those patient who were on drug Pioglitazone some results were obtained of insulin secretion in the impairment in early drug drug therapy.Clinical observations have suggested that the second generation sulfonylureas may exert their effects by potentiating insulin released by other primary stimulators Insulin secreting drug.

According to the study of WilliamC Dukworth et al(1972), aftr the chronic treatment with sulfonylureas it is well documented that plasma insulin levels were decreased in response to oral glucose load. This apparently occures even though glucose tolerance is improved over pre-treatment, levels,present study clearly support that study.

The result og group 11 correlates with the research conducted by Bonnie &Kimmel (2005) produces the same results as FBS reduces from baseline, and at the end of study,with an overall 23.44%,reduction,while with the results showed at the end of study peroid p-value were (p<0,001).

Similarly Michael Alvarsson et al (2003) conducted a similar type of study and the found and overall changes of change of 22.11% in Fbs and 40.88% in Rbs at the end of trial p-value were (p<0.001).

However a study conducted by (Stone &Brown in (2003) didnot match to our results in the parameter of FBS and observer a reduction of 26.22%.

CONCLUSION:

In the light of study discussion it is obiovus the glibenclamide was more effective,tolerable and safer than pioglitzone in a short duration.Diabetes Mellitus is chronic prolong disease for whole life.Poor community can afford it easily,on base of marketing of this drug in pakistan diabetes patients easily go and purchase economically,in fact ,mostly people buy it from pharmacy without dr’s perscription,because pharmacist and patient both of know about this disease.Just like dispirin as analgesic,it is famous anti-diabetic drug in our states as compared of other anti-diabetic drugs.

REFERNCES:

1. Anderson J,Kendall,Perryman.S etal,”Diet and Diabettes” Diabetes 2006,16(3):17-19-
2. Bui H- Type 1 diabetes in childhood-Medicine 2006,3 ,1-3
3. Bernhard –Diabetes-type 11 diabetes mellitus Diabetes care 1995,19(100:12-17-
4. Clark CM-Oral therapyin type11 diabetes-pharmacological properties and clinical use of current use of currently available agents-Diabetes spectrum 1998,11(4):211-221.
5. Carren M.Types of Diabetes mellitus-Diabettes 2006 10 (3),07-
6. David Owerback NJ-Prevalence in diabetes population-Diabetes 1988,02(6):31-32
7. Dale MM,-Treatment of Diabetes mellitus –pharmacology 20035th edition:287-391.
8. Heller SR –Hypoglycemic in diabetes Ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic-Medicine 2006:34(03):102-110.
9. Jawad F Untraveling the mystry of Diabetes’Diabetes 2006;15(3):13-15.
10. Jacobes D-Insulin-Diabetes 1998;6(3);1160126.
11. Lambert and Bingliy-basic facts-medicine 2006,34(6):3-7.
12. Natters M-Ketoacdosis and hyperglycemia-Medicine 2006;34(3):104-106.
13. Power AC-Epidemiology of type11 diabetes Basic facts of diabetes –Diabetes 2005;1(1)7-9
14. Scarlet Oral therapy in type 11 diabetes sulfonylureas 1984;16(10);3-9.
15. Schade DS et al A placebo controlled randomized study of glimepiride in patients of Diabetes mellitus- Diabetes 19998, 38(7);636-641.
16. Warchman and Forouhi-Epidimology of Diabetes- Diabetes basic facts- Medicine 2006 ;34(2);57-60
17. Wheeler Gd- Aaccident dicovery led to the noble prize for canadian reseachers,2005,01-02.
18. WHO Report-Health-Diabetes Mellitus-Defiition and types of Diabetes 2007;1:1-4.

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WINNER of the 2008 World Diabetes Day Young Voices video contest in NYC. Thanks to all who voted and viewed! FAQ: Do you both have diabetes?: No, just LW, but D-Zome is a friend of diabetics everywhere. How long has LW had diabetes?: Since June 27, 2000 Do you like the insulin pump?: Yes, I recommend it. What is your A1c?: 6.3 What is your favorite glucose tab flavor?: Fruit Punch Can you get diabetes from being bitten by the “beetis bird”?: No. ***DISCLAIMER: if a diabetic goes into a …

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For the first time since insulin started being developed to treat diabetes 80 years ago, a new medical breakthrough in insulin administration will allow adult diabetics to deliver their insulin a very different way.

Exubera is rapid acting meal time insulin that was recently approved by the FDA. It comes is powdered form and can be inhaled through the mouth. Exubera will not completely replace insulin shots (some diabetics may still need shots of long acting insulin), but it will definitely take many of the hassles of taking several insulin shots on a daily basis away and help those with fear of needles keep their blood glucose levels under control with more convenience and ease of mind.

In deciding whether you should Exubera or not, you should consider the following factors: If you smoke or have recently quit smoking within the last six months, have lung disease, bronchitis, asthma or emphysema, you should not take Exubera. If you are under the age of 18, Exubera is not available for you, as more testing is being done on the effects of inhaled insulin in children.

Using Exubera

Exubera comes in powdered form. You insert a blister pack into an inhaler that releases the insulin and is inhaled through the mouth by taking a normal breath. The dose should be taken approximately 10 minutes before eating.

If Exubera is right for you and you decide to try it out, your healthcare provider will be able to fully train you on using the inhaler and delivering the insulin.

Side Effects

There are some side effects of this medicine that you should be aware of, and the most common is low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. Other side effects include a decrease in lung capacity, a sore throat, cough, dry mouth, chest discomfort and ear pain. If you get these or other unusual side effects, contact your health care professional immediately.

Conclusion

Exubera is without a doubt a huge medical breakthrough in the development of insulin delivery and the overall success of diabetes management. Although this product is not for everyone and it does not completely replace insulin shots, it is definitely a step in the right direction that will help many diabetics control the blood glucose levels and live healthier, happier lives.

For more information on diabetes, diabetes management and information, visit http://www.yourlifewithdiabetes.com

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The success of islet transplantation as a treatment for those with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes is told through patient testimonials.

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Jesus Chirino is webmaster of Your Life with Diabetes, a website dedicated to providing free diabetes information and resources.

Glucose is also called blood sugar as it circulates in the blood at a concentration of 65-110 mg/mL of blood. Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency is the most common disease-producing enzymopathy in humans.

Inherited as an X-linked disorder, G-6-PD deficiency affects 400 million people worldwide. Glucose, with six carbon atoms, has four asymmetric carbon atoms (marked in this diagram with *). The arrangement of the OH’s and H’s on these atoms is very important.

Glucose may be estimated by means of the polarimeter, i.e. If a glucose solution be added to copper sulphate and much alkali added, a yellowish-red precipitate of cuprous hydrate separates, slowly in the cold, but immediately when the liquid is heated; this precipitate rapidly turns red owing to the formation of cuprous oxide .

Glucose can be thought of as a derivative of hexane (a 6-carbon chain) with -OH groups attached to every carbon except the endmost one, which exists as an aldehyde carbonyl. However because the chain is flexible it can wrap around until the 2 ends react together to form a ring structure.

Glucose readings are not linear over their entire range. If you get an extremely high or low reading from your meter, you should first confirm it with another reading.

Glucose is a type of sugar and the main source of energy used by your body. The glucose that your body uses for energy comes from many kinds of foods called carbohydrates, such as cereal, bread, rice, pasta, and other grains, not just sugary foods. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body.

Some cells (for example, brain and red blood cells) are almost totally dependent on blood glucose as a source of energy. Glucose can form from formaldehyde under abiotic conditions, so it may well have been available to primitive biochemical systems. Probably more important to advanced life is the low tendency of glucose, by comparison to other hexose sugars, to nonspecifically react with the amino groups of proteins.

Glucose is critical in the production of proteins and in lipid metabolism. Also, in plants and most animals, it is a precursor for vitamin C (ascorbic acid) production. Glucose in the bloodstream diffuses into the cytoplasm and is locked there by phosphorylation.

A glucose molecule is then rearranged slightly to fructose and phosphorylated again to fructose diphosphate. Glucose Tolerance Tests (GTTs) determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood after glucose administration. Blood glucose levels are measured using Johnson and Johnsons OneTouch Ultra Blood Glucose Monitoring System immediately prior to glucose administration, and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after glucose administration (timing of glucose measurement can be modified on request).

Glucose meters are either heavily discounted or distributed free with the purchase of multiple packs of glucose strips. This is forcing participants to amortise the cost of meters over a given time period. Glucose is one of the primary molecules which serve as energy sources for plants and animals.

It is found in the sap of plants, and is found in the human bloodstream where it is referred to as “blood sugar”. Glucose is produced commercially via the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Many crops can be used as the source of starch.

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Animation of Glucose in the body helps explain diabetes.

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Does high blood pressure normally run in your family’s blood?

If yes, then you must take into consideration having a regular blood test. In this process you will be able to know whether you might have an underlying ailment.

The blood glucose is normally expressed in millimoles pr litre (mmol/l). Typically, its level is lowest in the morning and higher after mealtime than its narrow limits right through out the day which is 4 to 8mmol/l.

Note: Glucose is normally the only sugar found in the blood. Blood glucose concentrations are kept within a relatively narrow range by such factors as hepatic and renal uptake and release, glucose removal by peripheral tissues, hormone influences on uptake and release, and intestinal absorption. The only endogenous sources of glucose are the liver and kidneys which convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose. Insulin is the main hormone that affects glucose blood levels.

However in the case of diabetes, it blows out of proportion until it is treated or at least maintained. Yet, though treated, there will still be some time where it will go adrift from its normal level.

Now, if you happen to discover that you have failed to escape this kind of illness. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) which was introduced by the Lousiana State University Ag Center in their research could be of so much help.

The study states that a healthy food preparation will be able to trim down your blood pressure and reduce the possibility of reducing it to normal levels. It also shows that blood pressure may be decreased by taking foods which are low in salt, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. Likewise it also advises a diet loaded with fruits, whole grains and low-fat dairy foodstuffs and vegetables.

In addition, the study also showcased the usual American diet sodium cutback. According to the results the minimal intake of sodium also minimizes the blood sugar level.

Since high blood pressure threatens the chances of heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, which ranks as the first, third and ninth chief causes of death in the American populace. It is therefore important to do the necessary measures to prevent it from happening.

Three things may help you prevent high blood sugar:
- Testing your blood sugar often, especially if you are sick or not following your normal routine. You can see when your blood sugar is above your target range, even if you don’t have symptoms of high blood sugar (increased thirst, increased urination, and fatigue).
- Visit your doctor if you have frequent high blood sugar or your blood sugar is consistently above your target range. Your medication might need to be adjusted or changed.
- Drink extra water or noncaffeinated, nonsugared drinks to prevent dehydration

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For diabetics, it’s crucial to identify high blood sugar levels. Learn the symptoms of and how to treat high blood sugar in thisfree video from a nutritionist specializing in diabetic diets. Expert: Heidi Kaufman Bio: Heidi Kaufman is a nutritionist that focuses on disorder prevention through diet. She gives lectures and teaches class at the local hospital about how to live with diabetes. Filmmaker: Reggie Hayes

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A Blood Glucose Meter is also known as a Blood Sugar Meter, Glucose Meter or Glucometer. It is fundamentally a medical device which measures the concentration of glucose in human blood.

By testing a person’s glucose level using a Glucose Meter allows him to be aware of his medical condition in the shortest period of time. If a person’s blood glucose is either too low (hypoglycemia) or high (hyperglycemia), life-saving remedial action can be carried out immediately and a human life might be salvaged in time.

Question: How Does A Glucose Meter Look Like?

A Glucose Meter comes typically in the size of a palm of the hand which may not necessarily be. Most of which are battery-operated and portable.

Question: What A Glucose Meter Cannot Test?

A Glucose Meter cannot be used for complex (haematology) blood tests like Full Blood Count, Platelet Count etc.

Note(s) :

If a patient’s blood glucose is too low, you can quickly offer him high-sugared food/drink to consume which will help in bringing his glucose level out of risk. Else if his blood glucose is too high, you can offer him with extra insulin to bring down his glucose level (please consult your health care provider further for this).

Important :

Treating consistently high blood glucose level is important so that it can decrease a patient’s chances of developing heart, blood vessel or nerve complications from diabetes.

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We all Human beings need energy to survive. We are made of trillions of small units called cells. Our body cells need energy to work. We eat to get energy from food. Whatever we eat has Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats as energy providing substance. A healthy diet contains nearly 60% carbohydrate, 20% proteins and 20% fats.

After eating, carbohydrate component of food is broken to glucose in our intestine. This glucose reaches in blood & then to cells of body. This glucose needs to enter inside the cell to provide energy.

But glucose cannot enter inside the cell without a help, called Insulin. Insulin is a hormone continuously released from pancreas & this Insulin takes glucose inside of cells.

Food is converted to glucose & this glucose is provided to body cells with help of Insulin. Insulin is not a drug as most people think. It is a hormone produced in our pancreas. There is a continuous secretion of Insulin by pancreas from birth to death.

Whenever we eat, glucose enters in blood and as per rate of glucose entry; quantity of Insulin produced is increased by pancreas. This extra amount of Insulin then shifts glucose coming from food to inside of body cells where it is utilized to provide energy.

If our pancreas does not produce sufficient quantity of insulin or Insulin circulating in blood works less effectively, then after eating food, glucose enters in blood but cannot be shifted to body cells and thus its level starts rising in blood and this stage is called as Diabetes.

Thus in Diabetes, on one hand body cells are deprived of glucose and on other hand glucose circulates in high level in blood & gets converted to various chemicals which damage Eyes, Kidneys, Nerves, Heart etc.

Aim of treating diabetes is to keep desired amount of insulin in blood, so as to keep glucose level in normal range. Any treatment strategy, which can keep Insulin level in required amount, will help in keeping glucose level in normal range.

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11. epizoda – Insulin – pen terapija Dijabetološki savez Srbije i INFO LEK (Piggy Production) snimili su kratke edukativne emisije o šećernoj bolesti koje su se prikazivale na televizijama u Srbiji, Crnoj Gori i Republici Srpskoj 2003/2004. godine. Iz tih emisija proizašao je praktično… … dijabetes savetovalište edukacija dijabetičari insulin pen

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Are you overweight and fatigued? Do you feel jittery and irritable but better once you eat? Do you feel sleepy after eating a meal heavy with carbohydrates? Do you suffer from high blood pressure or Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?

These are all signs of Insulin Resistance, one of the major underlying causes of excess weight and obesity. It affects up to 65% of the overweight population.

Insulin Resistance vastly reduces the insulin sensitivity of cells, which impairs the processing of glucose through the cell wall for conversion to energy. As a result, glucose remains in your blood stream, causing elevated levels of blood sugar, which are sent to the liver. Once there, the sugar is converted into fat and stored via the blood stream throughout your body. This process can lead to weight gain and obesity

Insulin Resistance has many factors that contribute to its presence in the body. In essence, our environment and lifestyles have evolved too rapidly for our bodies to keep pace. We are still genetically “wired” to thrive on the entrenched habits of our ancestors who consumed different, nutrient-rich foods, a diet low in carbohydrates and also sustained greater levels of movement and exercise.

Some people may also have a genetic predisposition to Insulin Resistance. Others develop Insulin Resistance through unhealthy lifestyles.

Over time, the above factors have damaged the complex ability of your body’s cells to properly utilize insulin to convert glucose to energy. Unhealthy diets cause the pancreas to overproduce insulin that overwhelms the cell thereby reducing its sensitivity to insulin and impairing the vital glucose-to-energy conversion process. If you feel you may be suffering from obesity caused by Insulin Resistance take this self-test.

The good news is that Insulin Resistance is reversible, without drugs. By weaning yourself from “bad” carbohydrates and replacing them with “good” carbohydrates while increasing your consumption of nutrient-dense foods, you can break the cycle and heal your body by changing the way it responds to food on a cellular level.

Here is a sample daily meal plan from The Insulite Labs’ Guide to Reversing Insulin Resistance. For additional information on reducing carbs visit Insulite Lab’s Excess Weight and Obesity web site:  http://weight.insulitelabs.com

Breakfast: Avocado and smoked salmon toast. Puree avocado, 1 garlic clove, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, 1 tsp. olive oil, 2 tsp. fresh cilantro or parsley. Spread on “Manna from Heaven” bread.  Layer with 6 oz. smoked salmon. Fat 19g, Carbohydrates 18g, Protein 8g

Snack: Yogurt with fruit. One 4 oz. container plain whole-fat yogurt with 1/4 cup blueberries, plus a pinch of cinnamon. Add stevia to sweeten to taste. Fat 4g, Carbohydrates 11g, protein 4g

Lunch: Chicken with vegetables and salad. Grilled chicken breast, steamed broccoli, and arugula salad with balsamic vinegar and olive oil dressing. Sprinkle 2 Tbsp. feta cheese over the whole plate. Fat 24g, Carbohydrates 17g, Protein 36g

Snack: Slathered celery. Two celery sticks with regular-fat cream cheese.  Carbohydrates 1g, Protein 2g

Dinner: Grilled tilapia. Grilled tilapia with 1 Tbsp. each of capers, lemon juice, and olive oil.  Salad: sliced cucumber and tomato, mozzarella cheese, and basil leaves with olive oil dressing  and chopped dill. Fat 7g, Carbohydrates 6g, Protein 28g

Daily total: Fat 64g, Carbohydrates 53g, Protein 78g

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May 30, 2000, 253lbs July 31, 2000, 233lbs August 4, 2000, The anniversary of a his death RIP … bodybuilding insulin

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Dr. DeLuca does research in the fields of nutrition, diet and nutrient therapies. At her practice, the Naturopathic Wellness Center, in Kingston, Pennsylvania, Dr. DeLuca specializes in counseling as well as nutritional, botanical, orthomolecular and physical medicines. Through her Blog, “Ask Dr. Heather”, she provides advice and coaching on PCOS, weight loss, and fertility: http://pcos.insulitelabs.com/blog/index.php?page_id=133

There are five symptoms generally associated with high blood sugar, as well as a few other
warning signs you should be aware of.

1 — Are you thirsty all the time?

Increased thirst is one of the classic high blood sugar symptoms. There’s a reason for this. Your body is trying to wash the excess blood sugar — also called “blood glucose” — out of your system. Your body needs more fluids to wash the glucose out, so you become thirsty and drink more.  

2 — Do you make more visits to the restroom?

Another classic symptom is having to urinate almost as frequently as you get something to drink. This only makes sense, since you’re taking so much fluid in. But remember your body is also trying to wash the blood sugar out — and the fastest way out is to urinate.

Sugar in the urine was one of the earliest tests for high blood sugar and diabetes. It used to be standard to check the urine with glucose test strips, which indicated whether high amounts of glucose were present.

3 — Do you feel generally fatigued or tired?

Fatigue can be a symptom of so many things, even of not getting enough sleep. But if you are thirsty and urinate more frequently, then feeling tired or fatigued might well be associated with high blood sugar symptoms.  

The reason for fatigue from high blood sugar is because the blood sugar isn’t going into your cells where you need it for energy. Your cells need glucose for energy to grow and heal, but the glucose isn’t moving into the cells. It’s staying in your bloodstream. When your cells don’t get energy, you aren’t going to feel very energetic either.

4 — Is your eyesight getting blurry?

High blood sugar over time can affect your blood vessels. Some of the more easily affected blood vessels are in your eyes. If your vision changes or becomes blurry for any reason, you should see an eye doctor. Not only for glasses or contact lenses, but their exams can often detect other problems such as high blood sugar.

5 — Do you have changes in your disposition?

I don’t mean the onset of personality disorders or anything like that. But the fatigue that results from high blood sugar is not limited to physical fatigue. It can affect how you feel day-to-day. You can become irritable and touchy. Or emotionally tired and lackadaisical. You may not care as much about things or even people that you ordinarily would feel strongly about.

Some other warning signs to watch out for are:

Sudden Weight Loss — The reason for this can be the same thing that causes you to feel fatigued. Glucose is not getting into your cells for energy. Your body has to get energy from somewhere, so you start to burn fat for energy. This is usually diagnosed as type 1 diabetes.

Burning fat instead of glucose for energy makes you lose weight, but it also produces toxic by-products known as “ketones”. If your body is producing ketones, you are in what is called the state of “ketosis”. This can become dangerous rather quickly, becoming “diabetic ketoacidosis,” or “DKA”.

The signs of DKA include a flushed appearance, dehydration, exhaustion, shock, and eventual unconsciousness. Severe DKA requires immediate and expert medical care.  If you are experiencing these symptoms then see your doctor right away, as in immediately.      

Overweight, Especially Around Your Abdomen — The unhappy opposite of weight loss is overweight or obesity. Being overweight can be a result of overeating, not enough exercise, and other causes. But if your cells aren’t getting enough glucose, it may be because you are “insulin resistant”.

In simple terms, insulin is the key that unlocks your cells to let the glucose in. If your cells become resistant to insulin, then they remain locked and the glucose doesn’t get in. So your body produces even more insulin to overcome the resistance.

Some of the glucose gets into your cells for energy. But that still leaves a lot of insulin in your bloodstream. And that insulin is used to store energy as fat. Insulin that doesn’t get used by the cells makes you fatter.

Worse than that, when you get fatter, your insulin resistance increases. So it takes even more insulin to do the job next time. This is the cycle that is usually diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.   

As you can see, high blood sugar symptoms can be warning signs of diabetes. It is very important that you see your doctor as soon as you can. He or she can quickly check your fasting blood sugar levels and determine if further tests are needed.

High blood sugar and diabetes can be treated and you can live a full and healthy life. But the first thing to do if you are experiencing these symptoms is see your doctor.

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This is an excerpt from a letter by Richard Moore, MD, PhD dated August 31, 2009. The treatment of diabetes is based upon the idea that the main role of insulin in the body is to lower blood sugar (glucose) levels. Indeed, blood sugar levels rise in diabetes and thus sugar spills over into the urine. Hence the name diabetes mellitus or sweet urine. But the idea that insulins main action is to lower blood glucose turns out to be a historical accident. Basic research done between 1958 and 1963 …

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Learn more about high blood sugar symptoms and diabetes here: http://ControlDiabetesForLife.com/what-you-need-to-know/

Jaye Marno is an internet writer specializing in type 2 diabetes. Read his unique blend of information, attitude, and a system that works. http://ControlDiabetesForLife.com/